Glycerol or glycerin is a colourless odourless viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and mostly non-toxic. It is widely used in the food industry as a sweetener and humectant and in pharmaceutical formulations.

Lactoferrin is secreted by mammals and displays extensive biological effects including boosting the cold tolerance of a well-applied probiotic strain.

p-Methylphenyl potassium sulfate is a prototype protein-bound uremic toxin derived from the metabolites of tyrosine and phenylalanine through liver.